Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a common circulatory disorder that affects the arteries outside of the heart and brain, most commonly the legs. It occurs when fatty deposits, called plaque, build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow to the limbs.

The primary cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the accumulation of plaque in the arteries. Plaque consists of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances that gradually narrow and harden the arteries, reducing blood flow.

The following risk factors can contribute to the development of PAD:

• Smoking:  Tobacco use is one of the most significant risk factors. Chemicals in tobacco damage the arterial walls and accelerate the formation of plaque.
• Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing PAD due to elevated blood sugar levels that damage blood vessels and promote atherosclerosis.
• High Blood Pressure:  Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, restricting blood flow.
• High Cholesterol:  Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol (often known as "bad" cholesterol) contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries.
• Obesity:  Excess weight puts additional strain on the circulatory system, increasing the likelihood of PVD development.
• Family History: A family history of PAD or other cardiovascular diseases may indicate a genetic predisposition to the condition.
• Sedentary Lifestyle:  Lack of regular physical activity can contribute to poor cardiovascular health, leading to poor circulation and the development of PAD.

By recognizing these risk factors, individuals can take proactive steps to modify their lifestyle and reduce the chances of developing PAD.

It is important to note that some individuals with PAD may experience no symptoms, leading to underdiagnosis. Therefore, if you have any risk factors or concerns, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation. It is estimated that as high as 50% of patients suffering from PVD may be asymptomatic.

For those that are not asymptomatic, PAD symptoms often manifest in the legs and may include:

• Claudication:  Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the legs during physical activity, which typically subsides with rest. This can vary from person to person based on the degree of atherosclerosis.
• Numbness or Weakness:  A sensation of numbness or weakness in the legs, especially when at rest or lying down.
• Slow-Healing Wounds:  Foot or leg ulcers that are slow to heal or do not heal at all.
• Coldness or Color Changes: The affected leg may feel cold to the touch, and the skin may appear pale or bluish.

Peripheral Arterial Disease is largely misunderstood by patients and even general practitioners. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and risk factors associated with PAD, individuals can become proactive in their vascular health.